The
Legionary Doctrine (also called Legionarism) refers to the
philosophy and beliefs presented by the Legion of Michael the
Archangel
(also commonly known as the Iron Guard), the Romanian Christian
Nationalist organization founded by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, 
who
is the key figure in the creation of its doctrine. It is necessary
to clarify what the members of the Legionary Movement taught and
believed due to the large amount misconceptions which occur
through lack of study or through media deception, as well as the
mistaken assumption that the Legionary Movement was largely an
imitation of Fascism or National Socialism.
Precursors
In
1878 and 1879, after
Romania
had won its independence from the
Ottoman
Empire
,
the new nation wanted to be recognized by other European powers.
The Romanians could not achieve this without signing the Treaty of
Berlin, which forced them to grant citizenship to Jews, a hostile
and alien people, on Romanian land. Although the treaty was
signed, certain significant cultural and political figures in
Romanian history spoke out against the Jews in order to warn their
nation that the Jews were culturally and economically harmful.
These men’s works from 1879 were significant intellectual
sources from which the Legionary Movement received ideas and
knowledge involving the Jewish Problem and Christian nationalism.
The most influential of them were the following:
·
Vasile
Conta (1845-1882) – philosopher and politician
·
Vasile
Alecsandri (1821-1890) – diplomat and politician
·
Mihail
Kogălniceanu (1817-1891) – statesman and historian
·
Mihail
Eminescu (1850-1889)
–
famous poet and journalist
·
Bogdan
Petriceicu Hasdeu (1838-1907) – historian and philologist
·
Costache
Negri (1812-1876) – politician
·
A.D.
Xenopol (1847-1820) – historian and economist
There
were also more modern intellectuals, who had lived through the
early 20th Century to see the birth and growth of the
Legionary Movement, who educated Codreanu and other Legionaries
with more knowledge about the Jewish Problem and gave them
concepts involving national mysticism, Orthodox mysticism, and
economic practices. These men were:
·
A.C.
Cuza (1857-1947) – politician and professor of law and political
economy
·
Nicolae
Iorga (1871-1940) – historian, professor of history, and
politician
·
Nicolae
Paulescu (1869-1931) – physiologist, professor of medicine, and
philosopher
·
Ion
Gavanescul (1859-1949) – professor of pedagogy
·
Nichifor
Crainic (1889-1972) – professor of theology, theologian, and
philosopher
To
avoid misconceptions, it must be noted here that it is not implied
here that the precursors of the Legionary Movement agreed with
Legionary doctrine on every point. For example, some of them had
different political attitudes; the Legion rejected republicanism
while precursors such as Eminescu supported the democratic system.
Anti-Semitism
and the Jewish Problem
Some
people today who follow the Legionary doctrine or admire the
Legionaries assert that the Legion was not anti-Semitic, that they
only appeared to be because of a Jewish problem in
Romania
.
One of the major reasons for which they object to the term
“anti-Semitic” is because of a certain way by which that term
is defined by Jews and philo-semites. Such groups define it as an
irrational hatred of all Jews, and in that case the Legionaries
were not truly anti-Semitic, since their hostility to the Jews was
not irrational nor were they enemies with every Jew (it has been
pointed out that the Legion had a few Jewish supporters, although
it should be remembered that the majority of Jews were enemies of
the Legion).
However,
in the late 19th Century and early 20th
Century the term anti-Semite was simply defined as one who had
hostility towards Jews and opposed their presence in one’s
nation. This is how Cuza and other precursors, Corneliu Codreanu,
and his successor Horia Sima defined it, and they all had no
qualms about calling themselves anti-Semitic. Codreanu freely
stated in his major book For
My Legionares about his visit to
Germany
that “I had many discussions with the students at
Berlin
in 1922, who are certainly Hitlerites today, and I am proud to
have been their teacher in anti-Semitism, exporting to them the
truths I learned in
Iasi
.”
It
should be noted, however, that while Codreanu had no problem with
relating with the German National Socialist movement (although he
also correctly insisted that his Legion was entirely independent
of National Socialism), Horia Sima objected to any connection
between the two after World War II. In his 1967 book Istoria
Mişcarii Legionare
("History of the Legionary Movement")
Sima wrote: “The Legionary Movement, since its first
manifestation, was the object of all sorts of slander. One of the
most common allegations by its countless internal and external
enemies was that the Legion was a 'branch of Nazism'. Such
statements can be made as a result of ignorance or bad faith. The
anti-Semitism of the Legionary Movement has nothing in common with
German anti-Semitism. By taking a stand against the Jewish danger,
a danger extremely active and menacing in
Romania
,
Corneliu Codreanu was simply continuing an almost century old
Romanian tradition.”
It
should also be emphasized that Legionary hostility to the Jews as
an ethnic group was actually rational, based not only on the
scientific studies of the Jewish problem by intellectuals such as
Cuza, Paulescu, Iorga, Xenopol, et
al. but also on real experiences and observations made by many
average Romanians. The Jewish problem was a vivid reality. Both
intellectual observation as well as common observation showed the
people beyond any doubt that the majority of Jews not only lived
parasitically off of the labor of Romanian workers by their
ownership of many companies or financial activity, but also posed
a threat to Romanian culture and tradition, which they were
damaging through their influence on mass media and certain
government policies.
It
is also worth noting that while Codreanu was first and foremost
concerned with the Romanian condition, he believed that an
alliance between nations needed to be made to solve the Jewish
problem internationally. This is made clear by a statement in For
My Legionaries, “There,
I shared with my comrades an old thought of mine, that of going to
Germany
to continue my studies in political economy while at the same time
trying to realize my intention of carrying our ideas and beliefs
abroad. We realized very well, on the basis of our studies, that
the Jewish problem had an international character and the reaction
therefore should have an international scope; that a total
solution of this problem could not be reached except through
action by all Christian nations awakened to the consciousness of
the Jewish menace.” The solution to the Jewish problem was not
to kill the Jews, as many dishonest people accuse Codreanu of
wanting, but to expel the Jews from Romania. This plan for
deportation is plainly stated in The
Nest Leader’s Manual, where he wrote “Romania for
Romanians and Palestine for the Jews.”
Economics
and Labor: Anti-Communism and Anti-Capitalism
When
Codreanu first went to the
University
of
Iasi
in 1919, years before he created the Legion, he discovered that
most of the city and university were heavily influenced by
Communist political campaigns. The Romanian workers were
experiencing terrible working conditions and had very low wages,
so they had been drawn to Communism by Marxist propagandists.
Professors and students at the University were also largely
converted to Communism, and Communist student meetings attacked
the Romanian army, the Orthodox Church, the monarchy, and other
aspects of traditional Romanian life. It was this situation which
drove Codreanu into a heroic fight against Communism, finally
leading a conservative group to completely crushing the Communist
movement. Codreanu, being a traditionalist, insisted on defending
faith in God, nationalism, the Crown, and private property.
On
the other hand, Codreanu also believed in fighting the Capitalist
system, which he realized was an inherently exploitive system,
which allowed corporations to exploit millions of workers. In
1919, when forming the program of “National Christian
Socialism,” he stated that “It
is not enough to defeat Communism. We must also fight for the
rights of the workers. They have a right to bread and a fight to
honor. We must fight against the oligarchic parties, creating
national workers organizations which can gain their rights within
the framework of the state and not against the state.”
Later
in 1935 he announced the creation of a new system which he hoped
would be adopted by the nation as a whole once the Legionary
Movement took power: “Legionary
commerce signifies a new phase in the history of commerce which
has been stained by the Jewish spirit. It is called: Christian
commerce - based on the love of people and not on robbing them;
commerce based on honor.” Essentially Codreanu was a Third
Position socialist, supporting private property but at the same
time opposing the materialistic and money-centered system of
capitalism. Another important point of Codreanu’s ideas for
Romania
is that labor is something in which everyone must be involved in.
Laziness was a trait that should be, all over
Romania
,
treated as a highly negative vice. All Legionaries in some way did
some kind of physical work, often to help lower class Romanians in
their own labor and problems. Codreanu wrote: “The law of work:
Work! Work every day. Put your heart into it. Let your reward be,
not gain, but the satisfaction that you have laid another brick to
the building of the Legion and the flourishing of
Romania
.”
One
issue which has often been brought up against Codreanu is the fact
that he associates both Capitalism and Communism with the Jews, as
both of them were dominated by Jews in
Romania
.
He wrote, connecting Jewish Capitalists and Jewish Communists,
“But industrial workers were vertiginously sliding toward
Communism, being systematically fed the cult of these ideas by the
Jewish press, and generally by the entire Jewry of the cities.
Every Jew, merchant, intellectual or banker-capitalist, in his
radius of activity, was an agent of these anti-Romanian
revolutionary ideas.” Some of his opponents have objected to
this connection by arguing that it is ridiculous to say that
Jewish company owners and bankers would support Communists, who
supposedly would destroy them upon a revolution, since they would
want to eliminate the capitalists. But it should be remembered
that not all of the bourgeoisie were exterminated in Communist
revolutions across
Europe
.
Sometimes, members of the bourgeoisie who supported Communism
before a revolution, which were oftentimes Jews, would be given a
place in the Communist system once the revolution was achieved.
Nation
and Land
The
Legionaries believed that nations were not merely products of
history and geography, but were created by God Himself and had a
spiritual component to them. Codreanu wrote in For
My Legionaries, adopting the teachings of Nichifor Crainic, “If
Christian mysticism and its goal, ecstasy, is the contact of man
with god through a ‘leap from human nature to divine nature’,
national mysticism is nothing other than the contact of man and
crowds with the soul of their people through the leap which these
forces make from the world of personal and material interests into
the outer world of nation. Not through the mind, since this any
historian can do, but by living with their soul.”
A
nation was also inseparable from the land on which it developed,
to which the people grew a spiritual connection with over time.
Codreanu wrote of the Romanian people: “We were born in the mist
of time on this land together with the oaks and fir trees. We are
bound to it not only by the bread and existence it furnishes us as
we toil on it, but also by all the bones of our ancestors who
sleep in its ground. All our parents are here. All our memories,
all our war-like glory, all our history here, in this land lies
buried… Here... sleep the Romanians fallen there in battles,
nobles and peasants, as numerous as the leaves and blades of
grass… everywhere Romanian blood flowed like rivers. In the
middle of the night, in difficult times for our people, we hear
the call of the Romanian soil urging us to battle… We are bound
to this land by millions of tombs and millions of unseen threads
that only our soul feels…”
Finally,
it
must be noted that Codreanu also believed that every nation has a
mission to fulfill in the world and therefore that only the
nations which betray their mission, given to them by God, will
disappear from the earth. “To
us Romanians, to our people, as to any other people in the world,
God has given a mission, a historic destiny,” wrote Codreanu,
“The first law that a person must follow is that of going on the
path of this destiny, accomplishing its entrusted mission. Our
people has never laid down its arms or deserted its mission, no
matter how difficult or lengthy was its
Golgotha
Way
.”
The aim of a nation, or its destiny in the world of spirit, was
that it does not simply live in the world but that it aims for
resurrection through the teachings of Christ. “There will come a
time when all the peoples of the earth shall be resurrected, with
all their dead and all their kings and emperors, each people
having its place before God's throne. This final moment… is the
noblest and most sublime one toward which a people can rise.” It
was for this ideal that the Legion fought tirelessly against all
obstacles, corrupt politicians, and alien peoples such as the Jews
which insisted on feeding off the Romanian people and land.
Relig
ion and Culture
One
aim of the Legionary Movement was the preservation and
regeneration of Romanian culture and customs. They knew that
culture was the expression of national genius, its products the
unique creations of the members of a specific nation. Culture
could have international influence, but it was always national in
origin. Therefore, the Liberal-Capitalist position that different
ethnic groups should be allowed to freely move into another
group’s nation, interfering with that nation’s culture and
development by their presence and influence, was incredibly wrong.
Each ethnic group has its own soul and produces and crystalizes
its own form and style of culture. For example, a Romanian
cultural image could not be created from German essence any more
than a German cultural image could be created from Romanian
essence.
Furthermore,
religion was an important aspect in a people’s culture,
oftentimes the origin of many customs and traditions. The
Legionaries believed that Christianity was not only a significant
part of their culture, but also that it was the religion which
represented divine truth. This is why in order to join the Legion
of Michael the
Archangel
one had to be a Christian and could not be of another religion or
an atheist. With these principles clear, the Legion therefore
aimed for a Romanian nation made up of only ethnic Romanians and
only Christians.
With
this in mind, it becomes clear why Codreanu and many other
Romanians felt that the Jewish presence in their nation was so
threatening. The Jews became influential in economics, finance,
newspapers, cinema, and even politics. Through this they even
became powerful in the field of culture, slowly changing Romanian
customs and Romanian thinking, making it more related to that of
the Jews. Codreanu, as concerned about the problem as people such
as Cuza and Gavanescul, commented: “Is
it not frightening, that we, the Romanian people, no longer can
produce fruit? That we do not have a Romanian culture of our own,
of our people, of our blood, to shine in the world side by side
with that of other peoples? That we be condemned today to present
ourselves before the world with products of Jewish essence?” and
“Not
only will the Jews be incapable of creating Romanian culture, but
they will falsify the one we have in order to serve it to us
poisoned.”
Race
The
reality of race was accepted by most Legionaries and Codreanu
wrote of the importance of keeping a nation racially cohesive. In For
My Legionaries Codreanu quoted Conta’s racial separatist
arguments, which formed the basis of his own attitudes on race,
and even compared them to the German National Socialist view. He
wrote: “Consider
the attitude our great Vasile Conta held in the Chamber in 1879.
Fifty years earlier the Romanian philosopher demonstrated with
unshakeable scientific arguments, framed in a system of impeccable
logic, the soundness of racial truths that must lie at the
foundation of the national state; a theory adopted fifty years
later by the same Berlin which had imposed on us the granting of
civil rights to the Jews in 1879.”
However,
it should be noted that at least a few Legionaries did not agree
that race was important. Ion Mota, in 1935 when he met with the
NSDAP in
Germany
,
criticized the National Socialists by telling them that “Racism
is the most vulgar form of materialism. Peoples are not different
by flesh, blood or colour of skin. They are different by their
spirit, i.e. by their creations, culture and religion.” Of
course, Mota’s attitude is unlikely to have been dominant among
the Legion, since Codreanu was the founder of the ideas the
majority of its members shared. It is also notable that Horia Sima,
in his works on Legionary beliefs, agreed with Codreanu that race
is real and important. However, Sima disagreed with connecting
Romanian racial views with German racialism, censuring the
followers of Hitler by asserting that their worldview misused
racialism, making it too materialistic.
The
New Man
The
Legionary Movement aimed to create a New Man (Omul Nou), to transform the entire nation through Legionary
education by transforming each individual into a person of
quality. The New Man would be more honest and moral, more
intelligent, industrious, courageous, willing to sacrifice, and
completely free of materialism. His view of the world would be
centered around spirituality, service to his nation, and love of
his fellow countrymen. This new and improved form of human being
would transform history, setting the foundations of a new era
never before seen in Romanian history.
Codreanu
wrote, “We shall create an atmosphere, a moral medium in which
the heroic man can be born and can grow. This medium must be
isolated from the rest of the world by the highest possible
spiritual fortifications. It must be defended from all the
dangerous winds of cowardice, corruption, licentiousness, and of
all the passions which entomb nations and murder individuals. Once
the Legionary will have developed in such a milieu… he shall be
sent into the world… He will be an example; will turn others
into Legionaries. And people, in search of better days, will
follow him… will make a force which will fight and will win.”
Therefore, a spiritual revolution would create the basis for a
political revolution, since without the New Man no political
program could achieve any lasting accomplishment.
Politics
Romania
’s
government was that of a constitutional monarchy, thus the
nation’s government was considered a democracy. Corneliu
Codreanu was a member of the Romanian parliament two times, and
his experiences with democratic politics led him to firmly
conclude that the democratic system, although claiming to
represent the will of the people, rarely ever achieved its goal of
representation. In fact, he felt that it did just the opposite. In
For My Legionaries, he
listed out some major objections he had to the system and the way
it worked (the following is a paraphrase of his points):
·
Democracy
destroys the unity of the people since it creates factionalism.
·
Democracy
turns millions of Jews (and other alien groups) into Romanian
citizens, thus carelessly destroying the ancient ethnic make-up of
a nation.
·
Democracy
is incapable of enduring effort and responsibility because by
design it inherently leads to an unending change in leadership
over short period of time. A leader or party works to improve the
nation with a specific plan, but only rules for a few years before
being replaced by a new one with a new plan, who largely if not
completely disregard the old one. Thus little is achieved and the
nation is harmed.
·
Democracy
lacks authority since it does not give a leader the power he needs
to accomplish his duties to the nation and turns him into a slave
of his selfish political supporters.
·
Democracy
is manipulated by financiers and bankers, since most parties are
dependent on their funding and are thus influenced by them.
·
Democracy
does not guarantee the election of virtuous leaders, since the
majority of politicians are either demagogues or corrupt and the
masses of common people usually are not capable or knowledgeable
enough to elect good men. Codreanu rhetorically remarked about the
idea of the masses choosing its elite, “Why then do soldiers not
choose the best general?”
Therefore,
Codreanu aimed for a new form of government, rejecting both
republicanism and dictatorship. In this new system the leaders
would not inherit power through heredity, nor would they be
elected as in a republic, but rather they would be selected. Thus,
selection and not election
is the method of choosing a new elite. Natural leaders,
demonstrating bravery and skill, would rise up through Legionary
ranks, and the old elite would be responsible for choosing the new
elite. The concept of the New Man is important to Codreanu’s
system of leadership, because only by the establishment of the New
Man would the right leaders rise and become the leaders of the
nation. The elite would be founded on the principles Codreanu
himself laid out: “a) Purity of soul. b) Capacity of work and
creativity. c) Bravery. d) Tough living and permanent warring
against difficulties facing the nation. e) Poverty, namely
voluntary renunciation of amassing a fortune. f) Faith in God. g)
Love.”
This
new system of government which Codreanu aimed to establish would
be authoritarian, but it would not be totalitarian. He described
it in this way: “He (the leader) does not do what he wants, he
does what he has to do. And he is guided, not by individual
interests, nor by collective ones, but instead by the interests of
the eternal nation, to the consciousness of which the people have
attained. In the framework of these interests and only in their
framework, personal interests as well as collective ones find the
highest degree of normal satisfaction.”
An
important point in the Legionary political system is that the
Legion recognized three entities: “1) The individual. 2) The
present national collectivity, that is, the totality of all the
individuals of the same nation, living in a state at a given
moment. 3) The nation, that historical entity whose life extends
over centuries, its roots imbedded deep in the mists of time, and
with an infinite future.”
Each
of these entities had their own rights in a hierarchical sense.
Republicanism recognized only the rights of the individual, but
the Legionary Movement recognized the rights of all three. The
nation was the most important entity, and thus the rights of the
national collectivity were subordinate to it, and finally the
rights of the individual were subordinate to the rights of the
national collectivity. The destructive individualism of
“democracy” infringed on the rights of the national
collectivity and the rights of the nation, since it ignored the
rights of those two entities and placed that of the individual
above all.
With
these facts in mind, it becomes clear that to accuse the Legionary
Movement of wishing to establish a tyrannical dictatorship or of
being “Fascist” is nothing more than mindless or deceitful
propaganda against the movement.
Martyrdom
“The
Legionary embraces death,” wrote Codreanu, “for his blood will
serve to mold the cement of Legionary Romania.” Throughout the
struggles and intense persecutions it faced, the Legionary
Movement produced many martyrs, two of the most often referenced
being Ion Mota and Vasile Marin, who died in 1937 helping Franco
fight against Marxist Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. Other
martyrs of the Legion include Sterie Ciumetti, Nicoleta Nicolescu,
Lucia Grecu, and Victor Dragomirescu among hundreds of others.
Finally, in 1938, Corneliu Codreanu himself became a martyr after
Armand Calinescu, acting outside of the law, had him murdered.
Martyrs were often honored in songs all Legionaries sang and in
Legionary rituals, when their names were announced in the roll
call, all Legionaries attending spoke “present!” They believed
that the souls of Romanian dead would still be present with them
in their battles.
Violence
Along
with martyrdom, in which death was received, there was an
occasional violence committed by Legionaries against their
enemies. Codreanu originally intended that the Legionary Movement
would be nonviolent, but the unusually ruthless and cruel manner
in which their enemies treated them created conditions in which
violence was inevitable. When their political opponents physically
attacked them, the Legionaries often struck back. In certain
select cases, certain top enemies of the Legion were assassinated.
There are three most prominent examples:
·
In
1933, the government of I.G. Duca had banned the Legion to keep it
from participating in elections, arrested 18000 Legionaries, and
tortured and murdered several others. On December 29-30 of that
year, the Legionaries Nicolae Constantinescu, Doro Belimace and
Ion Caranica (who are often referred to as the Nicadori)
assassinated Duca for revenge.
·
In
1934, Mihail Stelescu, a member of the Legion, was investigated by
top Legionaries and discovered to have had planned to betray the
Legion and create his own group and was therefore expelled.
Stelescu then created the group in 1935, calling it Cruciada
Romanismuliu (“The
Crusade of Romanianism”), and slandered Codreanu in its
newspaper. There is also evidence that Stelescu was plotting to
assassinate Codreanu and that, after contacting top political
figures, he received government support for this plan. In this
situation, ten Legionaries later called the Decemviri
(“The Ten Men”) shot him.
·
In
November of 1938, Armand Calinescu had the military police
illegally murder Codreanu (who was earlier that year imprisoned to
10 years at unfair and biased trials under unproven charges), the Nicadori
and the Decemviri.
On September 21, 1939 nine Legionaries referred to as the Rasbunatorii
(“The Avengers”) assassinated Calinescu. After they turned
themselves in, they were tortured and executed without trial.
These nine men were: Miti Dumitrescu, Cezar Popescu, Traian
Popescu, Nelu Moldoveanu, Ion Ionescu, Ion Vasiliu, Marin
Stanciulescu, Isaia Ovidiu and Gheorghe Paraschivescu.
One
may object to such actions on the part of the Legionaries,
asserting that they are thus taking part in un-Christian actions.
However, to correctly understand this it needs to be remembered
that throughout the history of Christianity there were many people
who had committed violent acts or killed for the sake of their
religion. Certain crusader knights who had killed massive amounts
of people were even sainted. Clearly it is nothing new for
Christian zealots to engage in combat against their enemies. Some
would argue that because Christ taught people to “love their
enemies” that therefore Codreanu was openly violating Christian
teaching. But it is not quite so clear.
It
should be remembered that in the original Greek and Latin the
phrase “love your enemies” (Matthew 5:44; Luke 6:27) referred
specifically to private enemy, not public enemy or national enemy
(who could therefore be hated). This is why Codreanu said to the
Legionaries: “Forgive
those who struck you for personal reasons. Those who have tortured
you for your faith in the Romanian people, you will not forgive.
Do not confuse the Christian right and duty of forgiving those who
wronged you, with the right and duty of our people to punish those
who have betrayed it and assumed for themselves the responsibility
to oppose its destiny. Do not forget that the swords you have put
on belong to the nation. You carry them in her name. In her name
you will use them for punishment-unforgiving and unmerciful. Thus
and only thus, will you be preparing a healthy future for this
nation.”
These
are the facts which need to be remembered in order to properly
understand why Codreanu and the Legionaries did what they did.
Otherwise, a proper historical study cannot be done.
Christopher
THORPE
2011
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